How to Write a Biography

Writing a biography isn’t just about listing facts—it’s about telling a story that truly brings a person to life. A great biography goes beyond names and dates; it dives into the emotions, struggles, and victories that shaped a person’s journey. When done well, a biography can educate, inspire, and make sure the person’s legacy isn’t forgotten.

Think about the most memorable biographies you’ve read. They don’t just recount events; they pull you into the subject’s world, making you feel their challenges and celebrate their triumphs. A powerful biography leaves a lasting impact by offering a deeper, more personal look at its subject.

So how do you write a biography that truly connects with readers? By the time you finish this guide, you’ll have the skills to craft a narrative that is both informative and captivating.

What Is a Biography?

At its core, a biography is a detailed and factual account of a person’s life. It covers key moments like childhood, education, career, relationships, and the legacy they leave behind. But writing an engaging biography is more than just listing milestones—it involves revealing pivotal experiences that define a person’s journey.

Memoir vs. Biography vs. Autobiography

Biography is just one type of life writing, alongside autobiography, memoir, and even diaries. This form of writing captures personal memories, experiences, and perspectives. While all three—biography, autobiography, and memoir—tell the story of one’s life, they do so in different ways, each with its unique focus and style.

• Biography – A biography is an in-depth narrative about a person’s life, written by someone other than the subject.
• Autobiography – An autobiography is an account of your life that you write yourself. 
• Memoir – A memoir is a subgenre of autobiography, focused on a specific aspect or period of the author’s life rather than their whole life story.

Let’s look at an example. If Michelle Obama were writing about her own life, it would be an autobiography (which she did, in Becoming). In cases where historians write about her, the books would be a biographies. If she decided to write a book specifically about her time as First Lady, that would be a memoir.

Choosing the right category depends on whose story you’re telling and how you want to tell it.

Types of Biographies

Biographies can differ in style and scope depending on the subject. From historical figures to contemporary celebrities, each biography type calls for a distinct approach. Familiarizing yourself with these variations will help you select the right path for your subject’s story.

Historical Biographies

Historical biographies bring the past to life by diving deep into the stories of important figures. Writers spend countless hours researching old letters, diaries, and official records to paint a picture of their subject’s life. Take Alexander Hamilton by Ron Chernow, for example. 

Celebrity Biographies

Celebrity biographies give us a behind-the-scenes look at the lives of famous actors, musicians, athletes, and other public figures. These books explore not just their rise to fame, but their successes, struggles, and setbacks they faced along the way. Steve Jobs by Walter Isaacson is a great example.

Personal/Family Biographies

Personal and family biographies are often written from the heart. They’re not about fame or fortune—they’re about preserving memories, honoring ancestors, and passing down stories for future generations. Whether it’s a tribute to a loved one or a record of a family’s journey, these biographies hold deep personal meaning.

Then there’s the matter of whether the biography is authorized or unauthorized. 

Some biographies are written with the subject’s cooperation, while others are not. An authorized biography, like Diana: Her True Story by Andrew Morton, is created with the subject’s cooperation and often includes exclusive interviews and insights. 

On the other hand, an unauthorized biography—like His Way: The Unauthorized Biography of Frank Sinatra by Kitty Kelley—is written without the subject’s involvement, which can make it more controversial. These books can reveal hidden truths, but they also risk upsetting their subjects.

Since each type of biography has different challenges and considerations, so be sure to choose the right approach for your subject.

How to Write a Biography?

Writing a biography is an exciting journey where you get to explore someone’s life, uncovering their unique experiences, challenges, and accomplishments. It’s more than just a list of events—it’s about telling a story that brings the person’s character to life and gives readers a deeper understanding of who they were. 

Step 1: Choose Your Subject

Before you begin writing a biography, the first step is deciding on the subject. This choice will determine the direction of your entire project, so it’s essential to approach it carefully.

Picking the Right Subject

A biography is only as interesting as its subject. While every person has a story, not every story makes for a compelling book. So how do you choose a subject? Here are some questions to consider:

• Is the person’s life story interesting? Did they overcome obstacles, make groundbreaking discoveries, or influence history?
• Does their story have depth? Does the story offer more than just accomplishments? Does it explore the person’s character and evolution?
• Do you have access to enough information? Will it be difficult to get information on the subject? If the person is still alive, are they willing to be interviewed? If not, will you have access to people who knew them?
• Why do you want to write about them? What draws you to their story and what do I want readers to take away from their story?

If you’re passionate about the subject and the story has compelling elements, you’re on the right track.

Getting Permission (If Necessary)

Before you start writing, you need to know whether you need permission from your subject or their family. The rules depend on who you’re writing about.

While biographies are based on real lives, ethical and legal considerations vary depending on the subject and how the story is told.

If your subject is a well-known public figure—like a politician, celebrity, or historical icon—you usually don’t need permission to write about them. Since much of their life is already public, you’re free to explore their personal stories. However, that doesn’t mean you can write anything without consequences. Unauthorized biographies can lead to legal or personal backlash, especially if the subject feels misrepresented.

If you’re writing about a private individual, it’s best to get their permission first—especially if you plan to use personal details, interviews, or unpublished materials. If the person has passed away, consulting their family or close friends can help ensure their story is told with care.

Writing about someone’s life comes with ethical responsibilities, and ensuring you have their blessing can make for a more honest and respectful biography. 

Ethical Considerations

A biography must be truthful, but it must also be fair. Even if you admire your subject, avoid making them seem flawless—real people are complex, and their struggles are just as important as their successes.

Respecting privacy is also key. Just because you find something interesting doesn’t mean it should be included, especially if it’s deeply personal. Writing with integrity ensures your biography is both meaningful and credible.

Before you begin, ask yourself:

• Are you portraying the subject fairly? 
• How will your portrayal affect others? 
• Are you respecting privacy? 

Approaching your subject with respect and journalistic integrity will lead to a more credible and meaningful biography.

Step 2: Conduct Research

“I’ve always had an abundance of material about the subjects of my biographies” – Walter Isaacson

Once you’ve chosen your subject, the next step is research—this is the foundation of your biography. The depth and accuracy of your research will determine how credible your story is. Good research doesn’t just provide facts; it gives insight into your subject’s motivations, challenges, and impact.

Primary vs. Secondary Sources

A well-researched biography relies on a mix of primary and secondary sources.

Primary sources are firsthand accounts related to your subject. These include:

• Personal letters, diaries, or journals
• Interviews (with the subject or people who knew them)
• Official records (birth, death, marriage, court documents)
• Autobiographies
• Video or audio recordings
• Personal artifacts (photos, artwork, possessions)

Secondary sources interpret or analyze primary sources. These include:

• Books and articles written about the subject
• Documentaries or biographies
• Newspaper and magazine articles
• Academic papers
• Websites and online databases

A good strategy is to start with secondary sources to get a broad overview of your subject’s life, then dive into primary sources to uncover unique details and perspectives.

Conducting Interviews

If your subject is still alive—or if you can speak to people who knew them—interviews can be one of the most valuable research tools. Firsthand accounts bring the biography to life in a way that other sources cannot.

How to prepare for an interview:

• Do your homework. Read everything you can about your subject beforehand so you can ask meaningful questions.
• Ask open-ended questions. Instead of “Did you enjoy working with Steve Jobs?” try “What was the most challenging part of working with Steve Jobs?”
• Record (with permission). While taking notes is helpful, recording ensures you capture everything accurately.
• Be patient and listen. Sometimes the best stories come from letting the interviewee talk freely.

If interviewing isn’t an option, reading previous interviews or speeches will give you a sense of your subject.

Cross-Checking Facts

With so much information available, it’s essential to fact-check everything. A mistake can damage the credibility of your biography.

Here’s how to verify your facts:

• Verify dates, locations, and quotes with official records.
• Be careful with online sources—stick to reputable websites, historical archives, and academic sources.
• If something sounds exaggerated or unlikely, dig deeper before including it.

Once you’ve gathered your research, it’s time to start shaping your subject’s story into an engaging narrative.

Step 3: Structure the Biography

A well-structured biography doesn’t just present information—it takes the reader on a journey. So the way you organize the story will determine how engaging and readable it is.

There’s no single “right” way to structure a biography, but here are three of the most common approaches:

Chronological Order (Most Common)

This structure begins with the subject’s birth or early life and follows major events in order, creating a clear timeline of their journey. It works well for historical figures or when the goal is to show gradual growth and development. A well-known example is Alexander Hamilton by Ron Chernow. It traces Hamilton’s life from childhood through his lasting legacy.

Thematic Structure

Rather than following a strict chronological sequence, this approach organizes the biography around key themes in the subject’s life. It is used when the person’s experiences fall into distinct phases or involve recurring struggles. Take The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot for example. The book explores themes of racism, bioethics, and human rights.

Flashbacks & Nonlinear Approach

This style jumps between different points in time, creating a more dynamic and dramatic narrative. It is used in storytelling-driven biographies to build suspense or provide deeper insight into the subject’s experiences. A great example is Steve Jobs by Walter Isaacson. It blends present-day insights with past events to paint a dynamic portrait of the Apple co-founder.

Essential Elements of a Biography

Writing a biography is about capturing a person’s story. A strong personal biography should highlight key professional accomplishments, showcase a person’s career path, and reflect their personal brand. Whether you write in first or third person, understanding the writing process and components involved make a big difference. The infographic below outlines the essential elements of a biography. 

Step 4: Write the Biography

With your research done and a solid structure in place, it’s time to bring your subject’s story to life.

Finding the Right Tone & Style

Choosing the appropriate tone and style is crucial, as it sets the mood for the entire biography. The tone should align with the subject’s life story and the intended audience. A formal and scholarly approach is best for historical or academic biographies, where an objective, fact-driven style is required. 

For a general audience, a narrative-driven, engaging style works well, incorporating storytelling elements to create a dynamic and immersive biography. In contrast, a personal and intimate tone is ideal for memoir-style biographies or family histories, where emotional depth and personal connections are emphasized.

Regardless of style, a well written biography must be both factual and compelling. Here are some storytelling techniques to bring your subject to life:

• Show, don’t just tell. Instead of saying “She was a brilliant scientist,” describe a moment where she made a groundbreaking discovery.
• Use dialogue when possible. If you have direct quotes from your subject, use them to add authenticity.
• Transport readers into the scenes. Help readers visualize the time, setting, and emotions involved.

Balancing Objectivity & Perspective

While it’s natural to admire the subject of a biography, it’s essential to maintain objectivity and provide a well-rounded portrayal. A biography should not read like a one-sided tribute or a critical exposé but rather offer an honest and nuanced account of the person’s life.

Here are some tips:

• Include both successes and failures. No one is perfect, and struggles make for good reading.
• Use multiple perspectives. Quotes from friends, critics, and historians add depth.
• Keep personal bias in check. Stick to facts while acknowledging different viewpoints.

Step 5: Editing & Refining the Biography

Editing is where your biography goes from a rough draft to a polished story. This stage requires patience, attention to detail, and a willingness to make changes.

The First Read-Through

After finishing your draft, take a step back. Let it sit for a few days (or even weeks) before revisiting it with fresh eyes. Then, read through the entire biography without making any changes. Instead, take notes on:

• Areas that feel too slow or too rushed
• Sections that lack clarity or detail
• Any inconsistencies in tone, voice, or structure
• Repetitive phrases or unnecessary tangents

Strengthening the Narrative

A biography should feel like a journey. Even if it’s chronological, the story should have momentum. Ask yourself:

• Does the story flow naturally? If it feels choppy, consider rearranging sections.
• Is there enough tension and resolution? Highlight your subject’s struggles and triumphs to make the story more engaging.
• Are transitions smooth? Avoid abrupt jumps between events—use transitions to guide the reader.

Refining Language and Style

Next, fine-tune the writing itself. Make sure your sentences are clear, concise, and engaging. Each sentence should serve a purpose, whether it’s providing information or adding depth to the story. Keep these tips in mind:

• Cut unnecessary words. Keep the writing tight and impactful.
• Vary sentence structure. A mix of short and long sentences keeps the rhythm natural.
• Avoid excessive adverbs. Instead of saying “She spoke loudly,” say “She shouted.”

Fact-Checking and Accuracy

Accuracy is the foundation of a credible biography. Even minor errors can undermine the trust of your readers and weaken the impact of your work. Fact-checking ensures that every detail is reliable. Verify the following:

• Dates, names, and locations
• Quotes and attributions
• Any historical or cultural references
• The accuracy of secondary sources

If you’re unsure about a fact, consult multiple sources or experts before including it.

Getting Feedback

No writer can catch every flaw in their own work, which is why external feedback is essential. Fresh perspectives can reveal unclear passages, factual inconsistencies, or areas that need improvement. Share your draft with:

• Beta readers (friends, family, or colleagues who represent your target audience)
• Subject-matter experts (historians, biographers, or people familiar with your subject)
• Professional editors (if you’re aiming for publication)

Ask for honest feedback on clarity, engagement, and factual accuracy.

Final Proofreading

After revising the content, a final proofread is necessary to catch any lingering errors. Look for:

• Grammar and spelling mistakes
• Typos and formatting issues
• Consistent verb tenses and point of view

Once everything is polished, your biography is ready to be shared with the world.

Step 6: Publishing and Sharing the Biography

Your publishing method depends on your goals and audience. Do you want a traditional book deal? A self-published book? A blog series? Here’s how to choose the right path.

Traditional Publishing

If your aim is mainstream success, traditional publishing is a strong option. It provides professional editing and design, credibility, wider distribution, and some level of marketing support. 

However, this route also comes with challenges. To secure a publishing deal, you typically need a literary agent who can pitch your book to publishers, and the process can be slow, often taking months or even years before your biography reaches readers. Additionally, authors have less creative control over key aspects such as edits, cover design, and marketing strategies.

Self-Publishing

If you prefer full creative control and a faster path to publication, self-publishing is an excellent option. This approach allows you to release your biography in various formats, including eBooks on platforms like Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP), Apple Books, or Smashwords. 

While self-publishing eliminates the need for literary agents or publishing houses, it requires more effort in marketing and promotion. As an independent author, you will be responsible for building your audience, handling book promotion, and managing the logistics of sales and distribution.

Alternative Publishing Methods

If a full-length book isn’t your goal, there are several alternative ways to share a biography. A blog series allows you to publish the story in segments on your personal blog or platforms like Medium. Another engaging option is creating a podcast or video documentary, which brings the subject’s story to life through audio narration or visual storytelling. 

If you prefer traditional media, consider pitching excerpts or adaptations of the biography to magazines or newspapers, which can provide exposure and credibility while reaching readers who are interested in your subject’s life and legacy.

Marketing and Promotion

No matter how you publish, getting people to read your work is the real challenge. Social media is a great tool, especially if your subject already has a following. Posting interesting facts, behind-the-scenes details, or short excerpts can draw people in.

Include a short bio in your book to give readers a quick glimpse into your professional background. A short professional bio should highlight your expertise, career path, and successes. There are many short bio examples to help inspire you.

Guest blogging or appearing on podcasts gives you a chance to talk about your research and connect with new audiences. An email newsletter will also help build a reader base over time, keeping people engaged and updated on your work. 

If you’re launching a book, hosting events, or speaking at relevant gatherings, you can generate excitement and help spread the word. 

Mistake to Avoid when Writing a Biography

Writing a biography is a challenging task, and several common mistakes can weaken the final result. Here are some things to look out for:

• Lack of thorough research. Relying on a single source or failing to verify facts leads to inaccuracies. Cross-check multiple sources and present a well-rounded, factual account of your subject.
• Focusing too much on facts without storytelling. Listing dates and events makes the biography dull. Use storytelling techniques to engage readers.
• Lack of objectivity. Avoid extreme bias, whether it’s glorifying the subject or being overly critical. A balanced biography acknowledges the good and the bad from an honest and nuanced perspective.
• Poor narrative flow and structure. A disorganized biography confuses readers. Ensure a clear and logical progression, with smooth transitions between different stages of the subject’s life.
• Skipping the editing process. Errors, awkward phrasing, or repetitive information weakens the final product. Take time to revise, fact-check, and seek feedback to create a polished and compelling biography.

Examples of Best-Selling Biographies

Below are several best-selling biographies that showcase a wide range of influential figures. From political leaders to innovators, their stories continue to resonate with readers worldwide.

Benjamin Franklin by Walter Isaacson

Isaacson details the life of one of America’s most influential Founding Fathers and offers insight into his many roles as a scientist, diplomat, and philosopher.

Frida: A Biography of Frida Kahlo by Hayden Herrera.  

The captivating biographyexplores the life of the iconic Mexican artist, Frida Kahlo, revealing the personal struggles and passions that shaped her art and legacy.

Churchill: A Life by Martin Gilbert. 

This biography of Winston Churchill, one of the most influential leaders of the 20th century, provides an in-depth look at his life. From his political career ti his personal life, it captures his resilience during critical moments in history.

The Souls of Black Folk by W.E.B. Du Bois. 

A foundational work in African American literature, this biography and collection of essays explores the struggles of African Americans in the post-Reconstruction era. The addresses themes of race, identity, and social justice in early 20th-century America.

These best-selling biographies not only capture the essence of their subjects’ lives but also provide valuable lessons in perseverance, innovation, and leadership.

Ready to Write Your Biography?

A compelling biography captures both the pivotal moments and the unseen details that shape a person’s life. A great biography goes beyond listing facts. It delves into the motivations, challenges, and triumphs of its subject. It asks questions like: What drove this person? How did they overcome obstacles? Why does their story matter today? 

Dedicate your time to thorough research, thoughtful writing, and meticulous editing to write a biography that not only informs but also inspires, leaving a lasting impact for generations to come.

Frequently Asked Questions on How to Write a Biography (FAQs)

Here we answered your questions about biographies:

1. How long should a biography be?

A biography averages 80,000 words but it can exceed 150,000 words (for an in-depth book). The length depends on the subject’s significance and the amount of detail included.

2. How do I start to write a biography?

Start by researching the person’s life, noting key events, achievements, and personal struggles. Then, create an outline and begin with an introduction that highlights their significance.

3. What are the main features of a biography?

A biography tells the story of a person’s life, starting with an introduction about who they are why they matter. It explores important moments and how their experiences shaped who they became. 

4. What are some sentence starters for a biography?

When starting a biography, certain sentence structures help set the stage for the story. For example, “[Name] was born on [date] in [place], a time of [historical context].” Another approach is to introduce early interests or talents: “From a young age, [Name] showed a passion for [interest or skill].” 

Josh Fechter

Josh is the founder and CEO of Squibler. He's authored several best-selling books and created one of the largest communities of writers online.